A Non‐Concentrated Gradient‐Solvation Electrolyte Enables a High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Battery with 447.6 Wh Kg⁻¹

Abstract

AbstractHigh‐voltage lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) emerge as a pivotal strategy for achieving high energy density applications. However, the electrolyte instability leading to inferior rate performance and short lifespan remains to be addressed. In this study, a new non‐concentrated gradient‐solvation electrolyte by solvent polarity discrepancy is developed. A highly donor‐capable ether forms the Li⁺‐solvated core through strong ion‐dipole interactions, while a weakly donating carbonate creates the shell structure. Such a gradient‐solvation structure enables the electrolyte with a high oxidation voltage (4.6 V vs. Li/Li+) and rapid Li+‐desolvated kinetic. Consequently, the electrolyte facilitates the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)||Li cells to attain a specific capacity of 165.8 mAh g−1 at 5C, alongside 1000 stable cycles at 1C charge/3C discharge with 66% capacity retention. Even under lean conditions (N/P = 1.5, electrolyte: 20 µL), NCM811||Li cell still maintains 97.5% capacity retention over 100 cycles. Furthermore, a 3.2 Ah pouch cell achieves a specific energy density of 447.6 Wh kg−¹ with stable cycling. These findings highlight the promise of gradient‐solvation electrolytes for high‐voltage LMBs applications.