Browse Articles

Cost-effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among people who inject drugs in Iran: an economic evaluation study

Modernizing Drug Development for Exceptional Therapies in High‑Unmet Need Diseases: A Call for Pragmatism and Patient Centricity

Decoupling Bidirectional Photochemical Degradation via Radical Scavenging for Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

ABSTRACT Interfacial instability between perovskite absorbers and fullerene‐based electron transport layers critically limits the operational stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we discover a bidirectional coupling degradation mechanism at the perovskite/fullerene interface: photo‐oxidation of formamidinium iodide (FAI) generates iodine radicals that catalyze PCBM dimerization via [2+2] cycloaddition, while PCBM concurrently accelerates FAI deprotonation and iodine‐species formation, creating a self‐reinforcing degradation cycle. To disrupt this cascade, we introduce the nitroxide radical scavenger 4‐oxo‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy radical (O‐TEMPO) at the interface, which selectively quenches iodine and carbon‐centered radicals, suppressing both perovskite decomposition and PCBM dimerization while maintaining optimal charge extraction. O‐TEMPO‐modified devices achieve a champion efficiency of 26.99% and retain 95.1% of initial performance after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking under ISOS‐L‐2 conditions (65°C), significantly outperforming control and conventionally 3‐(methylthio)propylammonium iodide (3MTPAI)‐passivated devices. This work elucidates the molecular origins of interfacial degradation and establishes radical‐scavenging interfacial engineering as a universal strategy to decouple synergistic degradation pathways, providing a robust framework for developing highly stable perovskite photovoltaic technologies.

Comparison of sampling methods in machine learning models

Abstract This study evaluates the performance of seven sampling strategies, including five probability-based sampling methods–Simple Random Sampling (SRS), Stratified Sampling (SS), Importance Sampling (IS), Maximum Ranked Set Sampling with Unequal Samples (MRSSU), and the proposed Stratified MRSSU (SM)–together with the synthetic oversampling methods Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN), in conjunction with four machine learning models: Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). The proposed SM method combines stratified sampling with MRSSU and employs a normalized auxiliary ranking score together with class-specific ranking directions to provide a structured ranking mechanism for selecting observations under class imbalance. A comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted under different class imbalance ratios and sample sizes. The proposed approach is further evaluated on two real-world benchmark datasets, namely the Pima Indians Diabetes and Wisconsin Breast Cancer datasets, and compared with conventional sampling strategies as well as synthetic oversampling methods. Performance is assessed using Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, and the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC), while Friedman and Nemenyi tests together with mean-rank analysis are used for statistical comparison. The results indicate that the proposed SM method provides competitive performance across a range of simulation scenarios and real-world datasets, particularly under small sample sizes and class imbalance, although no single sampling strategy consistently outperformed all competitors. These findings suggest that combining stratification with class-specific ranked-set sampling can provide a competitive alternative for classification problems involving class imbalance.

Systemic Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: ASCO Living Guideline, Version 2026.1.4

This guideline has been updated. This ASCO Living Guideline is reviewed on an eight-week cycle. Please see the online dynamic version for the latest updates. Living guidelines are developed for selected topic areas with rapidly evolving evidence that drives frequent change in recommended clinical practice. Living guidelines are updated on a regular schedule by a standing expert panel that systematically reviews the health literature on a continuous basis, as described in the ASCO Guidelines Methodology Manual . ASCO Living Guidelines follow the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy Implementation for Clinical Practice Guidelines . Living Guidelines and updates are not intended to substitute for independent professional judgment of the treating clinician and do not account for individual variation among patients. See appendix for disclaimers and other important information (Appendix I and Appendix II). Updates are published regularly and can be found on the ASCO Publications website .

Dynamic Disulfide‐Linked Dimeric Acceptors for High‐Efficiency and Mechanically Robust Organic Solar Cells

ABSTRACT The practical application of organic solar cells (OSCs) in wearable electronics requires simultaneous improvements in efficiency, stability, and mechanical robustness. In this study, we developed a disulfide‐linked dimeric acceptor, DY‐SS, by integrating an exchangeable dynamic covalent linkage into the backbone of a photoactive acceptor, representing, to our knowledge, the first photoactive material framework containing exchangeable dynamic covalent linkages. DY‐SS acts as an energetic and morphological regulator, reducing non‐radiative energy loss, modulating crystallization kinetics, and enhancing molecular packing coherence. Consequently, the ternary devices achieve a high PCE of 20.40%, compared with 19.64% for the binary control, accompanied by a 1.62‐fold extension of the T 80 thermal lifetime. In the presence of trace thioctic acid, thermally activated disulfide exchange enables the formation of an adaptive covalent network, which promotes stress dissipation and markedly improves film toughness and yielding a markedly increased crack‐onset strain of 16.07% (3.89‐fold over the binary control) and a 7.54‐fold enhancement in toughness. Notably, the toughened flexible OSCs demonstrate unprecedented mechanical durability, retaining 91.1% of their initial efficiency even after 10 5 bending cycles under the extreme condition of a 1 mm bending radius (vs. 82.1% for the control). This work provides a dynamic‐bond‐containing molecular design strategy for efficient and mechanically robust OSCs.

Automated large language model screening of unstructured radiology reports for timely osteoporosis intervention

Talquetamab in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: 3-year follow-up of the phase 1/2 MonumenTAL-1 study

Talquetamab is the first and only approved bispecific antibody targeting G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) for treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma based on results from the phase 1/2 MonumenTAL-1 study. Here, we report efficacy and ongoing safety from MonumenTAL-1 with 3 years of follow-up. Patients naïve to T-cell redirection therapy (TCR) received talquetamab 0.4 mg/kg weekly (n=143) or 0.8 mg/kg every other week (n=154); a separate cohort received prior TCR (n=78, either talquetamab dose). Median follow-up was 38, 31, and 30 months in the 3 cohorts, respectively, as of September 2024. Overall response rate was 67-74% and complete response or better rate was 33-42%. Median progression-free survival was 7.5, 11.2, and 7.7 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 34.0 months, not reached, and 28.3 months (36-month OS rates 49.3%, 60.8%, and 44.6%), in the 3 cohorts, respectively. The most common adverse events (AEs) were cytokine release syndrome (73-79%; grade 3/4, 0.6-2.1%), taste changes (72-76%), and infections (61-78%; grade 3/4, 21-26%). Ataxia/balance disorders occurred in 5.3% of patients (no grade 4/5 events). Dose reduction and discontinuation rates due to AEs remained low; no patients died due to talquetamab-related AEs. With 3 years of follow-up, talquetamab continued to demonstrate high rates of deep and durable responses. The long-term safety profile was comparable to previous results and continued to show lower risk of high-grade infections relative to approved BCMA-targeting bispecific antibodies. NCT03399799 (phase 1) and NCT04634552 (phase 2)

Biometrically Anchored and Psychological States Aware Deep Learning for Enhanced Personalized Food Recommendation Systems

Abstract The current Food Recommendation System (FRS) need new methods that combine psychological and biometric data about people to develop personalized food recommendations. The existing models use static user profiles and historical interaction data, which leads to their failure to capture the dynamic context-sensitive elements that drive user behaviour. To overcome these issues, the study proposed novel FRS, uses deep learning (DL) methods to deliver personalized food suggestions which depend on user characteristics, including their gender, mood and body weight. The architectural design uses body weight as a key metabolic reference point through which it establishes physically suitable recommendations that match the behavioural patterns associated with different gender and emotional states. The proposed method includes multiple essential steps, which start with dataset collection and preparation before proceeding to create dense vector representations, which reduce dimensionality and then use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to extract food-related textual features, which lead to the discovery of essential food-related text patterns. And finally, create a multi-model feature fusion which combines user preferences with biometric constraints and food attributes and then generates Top-N recommendations through a Variational AutoEncoder (VAE). The framework introduces its novel aspect through a multi-modal latent representation system, which combines temporary emotional states with metabolic needs to create health-focused recommendations that adapt in real time. The VAE-based FRS (VAEFRS) system achieved optimization through its training process, which used a Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Network (CTGAN)-augmented training manifold to obtain full coverage of high-dimensional features while preventing overfitting issues. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieved a hit rate@10 of 0.8929, NDCG@10 of 0.6475, precision@10 (0.3223) and recall@10 (0.3533). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in delivering pertinent and accurate FRs depending on their gender, physical characteristics, and present mood.

Whack-a-menin: zifto’s preclinical activity and mutant MEN1

Five-year cognitive outcomes after cochlear implantation in older adults with severe-to-profound hearing loss

Tislelizumab With Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Questions on Treatment Tolerance and Follow-Up Duration

One‐Step Synthesis of Sequence‐Tailored Amphiphilic Block Copolymers at the Emulsion Interface

ABSTRACT The synthesis of sequence‐controlled block copolymers (BCPs) via one‐step copolymerization has garnered significant interest, as it offers a highly accessible and reproducible route. Herein, we describe a one‐step strategy utilizing ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) at the emulsion interface for synthesizing amphiphilic BCPs with tailored sequences. Briefly, two norbornenyl monomers with similar reactivities containing hydrophilic tertiary amino and hydrophobic group, respectively, were dissolved in a CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O emulsion, and the copolymerization was initiated by Grubbs’ third‐generation catalyst (G3). The hydrophobic monomer and G3 were localized within CH 2 Cl 2 droplets, whereas the tertiary amine‐bearing norbornene was distributed in both aqueous and CH 2 Cl 2 phases, a partitioning that could be tuned by hydrochloric acid (HCl). Leveraging the partitioning effect of CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O emulsion, ROMP was initiated in CH 2 Cl 2 droplet and then propagated at the CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O interface, enabling the one‐step formation of well‐defined amphiphilic BCPs. Notably, the unit sequence could be precisely tuned by HCl concentration, which governs the distribution of tertiary amine‐bearing norbornene between the two phases. After polymerization, these amphiphilic BCPs at the CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O interface could further undergo emulsion‐induced self‐assembly to prepare functional hybrid nanomaterials. Overall, this work offers a straightforward and efficient one‐step strategy for sequence‐tailored amphiphilic BCPs and their derived nanostructures.

Unexpected Lack of Efficacy of Liposomal-Encapsulated Daunorubicin/Cytarabine in Pediatric <i>FLT3</i> Wild-Type Newly Diagnosed AML

Supramolecular Protection–Deprotection for Switching Pore‐Surface Functionality in a Crystalline Porous Organic Salt

ABSTRACT The precise installation of highly interactive functional groups on pore surfaces remains a central challenge in crystalline porous materials since such groups often interfere with framework formation. In this study, supramolecular protection–deprotection was performed in a porous organic salt that temporally separated framework construction from the emergence of pore‐surface functionality. During crystallization, the phenolic OH groups were protected by hydrogen bonding with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), enabling the formation of a crystalline framework based on charge‐assisted hydrogen bonds. Stepwise removal of DMSO induced a two‐step single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal phase transition, affording first a dormant state (Form II), in which the OH groups remained protected, and subsequently an active state (Form III), in which the OH groups were exposed on the pore surface together with the emergence of porosity. The dormant state was re‐formed by exposure to DMSO or N , N ‐dimethylacetamide vapor, whereas other solvents failed to induce the same structural response. In contrast, the active state showed markedly enhanced NH 3 uptake relative to the dormant state and preferential adsorption of NH 3 over CO 2 , N 2 , H 2 , and O 2 under the investigated conditions. These results demonstrate that supramolecular protection–deprotection provides a useful strategy for temporally controlling pore‐surface functionality in dynamic crystalline porous materials.

NRF2 Pathway Status and Maintenance Immunotherapy Exposure in EC-CRT-002

Dual‐Domain Coupling‐Driven Interface Remodeling Enables Ultra‐Dilute Flame‐Retardant Electrolytes for High‐Voltage, Wide‐Temperature Batteries

ABSTRACT The paradigm shift in electrolyte research is a critical driver for performance breakthroughs in sustainable batteries under extreme conditions. Ultra‐dilute electrolytes (UDEs) have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable cost advantages and broad application prospects, yet excess free solvents cause trade‐offs among high‐voltage stability, wide‐temperature adaptability, longevity, and safety. In this work, we propose a dual‐domain coupling‐driven interface remodeling strategy to tailor bulk solvation and interfacial microenvironments via integrating hierarchically‐solvated carbonate ester, ether, and fluorinated cyclophosphazene. The designed UDE (0.05 M) features a more flexible solvation configuration with less restricted ion transport; concurrently, electric double layers on both electrode surfaces are regulated through molecular competitive adsorption and decomposition under electric field induction. Consequently, cross‐scale microenvironment remodeling is realized to essentially overcome the existing performance limitations. The UDE not only exhibits intrinsic flame retardancy but also significantly improves electrode compatibility (phosphate and oxide cathodes, metal anode) through a bidirectional interface stabilization mechanism. Remarkably, Na 0.67 Ni 0.33 Mn 0.67 O 2 cathode achieves desirable durability over a wide temperature range (−40∼70°C). Furthermore, this strategy is extended to potassium‐ion batteries, enabling stable operation of KVPO 4 F cathode at 4.95 V. This work establishes a universal framework for multi‐scale interfacial molecular engineering, offering a promising advancement in extreme energy storage technologies.

Innovate or Be Left Behind: A Path to Prospective External Control Arms for Accelerated Oncology Drug Development

Supramolecular Strategies for Modulating Excited‐State Properties of Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy

ABSTRACT The performance of photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is determined not only by their intrinsic molecular structures but also by their spatial organization and environmental interactions. Supramolecular assembly enables precise control over molecular packing, local microenvironments, and intermolecular electronic coupling without altering the chromophore scaffold, thereby offering a versatile approach to modulate the photophysical and photochemical behavior of PSs through noncovalent interactions. In this Minireview, we summarize recent advances in supramolecular strategies for modulating the excited‐state properties of PSs in PDT. We focus on two central aspects: promoting intersystem crossing to enhance triplet‐state formation, and modulating excited‐state deactivation pathways to regulate ROS generation and bias Type‐I or Type‐II photodynamic processes. Representative examples are discussed to illustrate how supramolecular assembly can reduce singlet‐triplet energy gaps, introduce charge‐transfer (CT) mediators, suppress nonproductive decay, and facilitate electron or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges in mechanistic understanding, structural stability, and translational implementation, and outline future opportunities in bioadaptive assembly, simplified system design, and mechanism‐guided development of next‐generation supramolecular PSs.

Operando Reconstruction of NiB Precatalyst Into Adaptive Heterointerfaces for CO ₂ Photoreduction via Tandem Hydrogen Relay

ABSTRACT Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is a transformative carbon neutrality technology, yet the electronic competition between water‐derived proton generation and CO 2 activation over intrinsic sites leads to parasitic H 2 evolution over a static catalytic surface. Here we demonstrate that crystalline nickel boride (NiB) precatalyst, previously unexplored for photocatalysis, undergoes spontaneous operando reconstruction under illumination to form adaptive Ni/B 2 O 3 /NiB heterointerfaces as the genuine catalytically active phases. The reaction‐driven reconstructed interfaces enable a tandem hydrogen relay across the NiB→Ni→B 2 O 3 interface, in which hydrogen species evolve sequentially from H 2 O to H 2 and are subsequently converted into surface‐active hydrogen (H 2 O→H 2 →H*) via Ni‐mediated dissociation and hydrogen spillover. The H* species assist CO 2 activation and hydrogenation on the electron‐deficient B 2 O 3 domains. This dynamic process progressively redirects the reaction pathway from water‐splitting‐dominated activity to highly efficient CO 2 ‐to‐CO conversion, achieving a CO evolution rate of 4.5 mmol·g −1 ·h −1 with promoted utilization of in situ formed hydrogen species, thus presenting an order‐of‐magnitude enhancement over reported photocatalytic systems. This work unlocks crystalline transition‐metal borides as an untapped material platform for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and demonstrates that reaction‐driven interfacial reconstruction can establish adaptive hydrogen‐relay pathways to mitigate multi‐reaction competition in solar‐to‐chemical conversion.