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Reply to: “Tislelizumab With Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Questions on Treatment Tolerance and Follow-Up Duration” and “NRF2 Pathway Status and Maintenance Immunotherapy Exposure in EC-CRT-002”
In Situ Explosion Induced “Stress + Defect” Structure for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
ABSTRACT The rational integration of lattice strain and carrier defect offers strategy to adjust the electronic structure of heterogeneous catalysts, yet remains synthetically difficult. We present an explosive‐driven approach to construct Pt nanoparticle–decorated UiO‐66 (Pt NP /UiO‐66) catalysts with tunable tensile lattice strain and defect‐engineered metal–MOF interfaces. By precisely controlling the explosive dosage, Pt nanoparticle with different degrees(0.229 nm) of lattice strain are generated in situ and anchored onto defect‐rich UiO‐66, leading to the formation of interfacial Schottky junctions. The acidic HER is selected as a representative model system to elucidate the correlation between structure and catalytic activity. Among the obtained catalysts, Pt NP‐10 /UiO‐66, possessing the highest lattice tensile strain, delivers an overpotential of 16 mV. In situ x‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements reveal the continuous variation of the local coordination structure of Pt throughout the HER process. Complementary spectroscopic characterizations combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations further show that explosive‐induced lattice strain systematically modulates the adsorption strength of the H* intermediate.
A Universal Quasi‐Atom Interaction Model and Application in Designing Single‐Atom Catalysts for Alkali–Metal Chalcogenide Batteries
ABSTRACT A deep understanding of reactant adsorption behaviors is crucial for unraveling structure–activity relationships and identifying simple descriptors for the kinetics of multi‐electron redox reactions, such as the sulfur redox process in Li–S batteries (LSBs). Recently, the “10‐electron rule” for evaluating the adsorption strength of single atoms ( E ads ) has been established for free‐atom‐like single‐atom alloys (SAAs). However, our density‐functional theory calculations show that this rule is unfeasible for single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with metal centers covalently coordinated by nonmetal atoms. Herein, we proposed a new 18‐electron rule for covalent SACs by establishing the quasi‐atom interaction model ( Q ‐AIM), which interprets the U‐type behavior of E ads (S) dominated by antibonding‐orbital filling. Additional calculations demonstrate that E ads (S) can serve as an efficient descriptor of the kinetics of sulfur redox involving multiatom polysulfides. Then, guided by the efficient predictor and Q ‐AIM, we employed machine learning to screen ∼800,000 candidate SACs. Ultimately, we obtained over 400 and 8000 promising SACs for sulfur evolution and sulfur reduction, respectively. Furthermore, E ads (S) can be extended to predict the catalytic performance of SACs in Li/Na/K‐S/Se batteries. This work not only simplifies complex multi‐electron processes to single‐atom adsorption energy but also establishes a link between occupied electronic states and the catalytic performance of SACs.
Mathematical Model Analysis for the Transmission Dynamics of Wheat Yellow Rust Disease: In Case of Melga Woreda, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia
Unveiling the role of lysosomes in antigen processing and presentation
Abstract Lysosomes drive antigen proteolysis and peptide loading for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) presentation in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), enabling activation of peptide-specific CD4+ T helper cells (CD4+ Th cells). Tight regulation of endocytic trafficking, protease activity, and peptide editing is required to generate stable peptide–MHCII complexes and balanced immune responses. Conversely, dysregulation of antigen catabolism or loading can promote impaired pathological immunity, including autoimmunity. However, key mechanistic questions remain, including how proteolysis, redox regulation, and peptide editing shape the MHCII ligandome across APC subsets and inflammatory states. In this review, we explore the main mechanisms of antigen acquisition, endocytic/lysosomal factors controlling MHCII-restricted processing and presentation, and evidence linking lysosomal dysfunction to autoimmunity. Understanding the functions of lysosomes in immune cells is crucial for elucidating their roles in physiological and pathological states, for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and for enhancing the safety and efficacy of novel biological entities (NBEs).
Universal Sacrificial Coordination Strategy for ALD‐Resilient SAMs Achieving High‐Performance Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells
ABSTRACT Perovskite/organic tandem solar cells (TSCs) offer a compelling route to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit. In these TSCs, the self‐assembled monolayer (SAM), functioning as the hole extraction layer, critically governs the interfacial properties and device performance. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a promising technique to grow dense, pinhole‐free oxides on SAMs for improved wettability and leakage blocking. However, the detrimental reaction between the ALD precursor and SAM anchoring groups, which causes SAM desorption and severe current leakage, is a widespread and unresolved issue. To address this fundamental challenge, we developed a universal sacrificial coordination (SC) strategy by introducing a multifunctional 6‑hydroxy‑4‑(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid (HTFNA) into SAM precursors. HTFNA can suppress SAM molecular aggregation through hydrogen bonding, preferentially react with the ALD precursor to shield the anchored SAM, and increase the work function for favorable interfacial energy level alignment. This strategy demonstrates broad applicability across various SAM‐based devices. The champion perovskite/organic TSCs deliver a remarkable efficiency of 27.03% (certified of 26.56%; 0.062 cm 2 ). Moreover, the reinforced SAM/perovskite heterointerface exhibits substantially enhanced adhesion according to the ASTMD3359 standard, leading to superior operational stability ( T 90 of 1265 h) and ambient storage performance ( T 90 of 2037 h; ISOS‐D‐1 protocol).
Transient malaria suppression after mass drug administration with artemisinin-piperaquine in a holoendemic, non-isolated region of Togo
Delivery of extracellular vesicle–associated microRNA-146a regulates human monocyte phenotype and function
Abstract CCR2+ monocytes are recruited to sites of acute myocardial injury, where they play a critical role in clearing necrotic debris and replenishing the depleted resident macrophage population. Although this response is necessary for early tissue repair, prolonged activation of inflammatory pathways and persistent recruitment of CCR2+ monocytes have been associated with accelerated ventricular remodeling and adverse outcomes. Inhibition of CCR2 has shown promise in preclinical models of myocardial injury and represents a potential therapeutic target. Cardiosphere-derived cell extracellular vesicles (CDC-EVs) have demonstrated cardioprotective effects partly through modulation of the immune response. We investigated whether CDC-EVs regulate inflammatory monocyte trafficking through effects on CCR2 signaling. We found that CDC-EVs reduce the surface availability of CCR2 on human monocytes through an miR-146a–dependent mechanism, resulting in decreased monocyte migration toward CCL2. These findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism by which CDC-EVs modulate CCR2-dependent monocyte trafficking and provide new insight into how EVs regulate innate immune responses after myocardial injury.
In Situ Visualizing the Electric‐Field‐Driven Assembly of Gradient Carbon Dot Hydrogel Electrolytes for Stable Zinc Battery
ABSTRACT Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have seen increasing use of carbon dots (CDs) as functional additives; however, their interfacial regulation mechanisms remain unclear due to the lack of direct in situ visualization under realistic conditions. In this study, we develop an operando electrochemical–confocal coupled platform that enables real‐time tracking of fluorescent CDs under an applied electric field. Using this system, we directly visualize the electrophoretic migration and interfacial enrichment of CDs, providing clear evidence of their roles in electric‐field modulation and Zn 2+ flux regulation. Guided by this insight, a gradient‐structured poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel electrolyte (2PVA@CDs) is in situ constructed via electric‐field‐driven assembly. Zn||Zn symmetric cells with 2PVA@CDs exhibit ultralong cycling stability over 6500 h at 1 mA cm −2 and 1 mAh cm −2 , and stable operation for 900 h at 85% depth of discharge. Combined experiments, finite element simulations, and density functional theory calculations reveal that CDs homogenize the interfacial electric field, regulate Zn 2+ flux, reduce the nucleation energy barrier, and suppress hydrogen evolution, thereby enhancing interfacial stability and overall electrochemical performance. This work clarifies the mechanistic role of CDs and establishes a general operando visualization strategy for functional additives in metal batteries.
Dual-approach to identify immunogenic cytomegalovirus antigens for vaccine design
Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus that infects most of the global population remains without a licensed vaccine. Although natural infection elicits an immune response that confers partial protection, the development of an effective CMV vaccine has proven challenging. Despite multiple vaccine attempts, the complex interactions between CMV and the host immune system have hindered successful vaccine design. In this study, we utilize the naturally acquired CMV-specific immunity of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients to identify viral antigens recognized by antibodies present in patient sera. Using Western blot and ELISA in combination with proteomic analyses, we identified five highly immunogenic CMV proteins: UL44, UL57, UL83, UL132 and RL11. While UL44, UL57 and UL83 are well-established immunodominant antigens, hereby validating our strategy, UL132 and RL11 emerged as additional highly immunogenic targets. The detection of antibodies against these CMV antigens in patients with a protective CMV-specific immune response underscores their immunogenicity and supports their potential relevance for vaccine development. Taken together, these findings identify CMV antigens of potential interest for vaccine research.
Semaphorin3E is a novel regulator of germinal center responses in a mouse model of allergic asthma
Abstract Little is known about the role of semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) in B cell responses and immunoglobulin regulation. Our recent data indicate that Sema3e knockout mice have significantly higher serum levels of total and allergen-specific IgE in allergic asthma, suggesting Sema3E’s crucial role in modulating the humoral response. We hypothesized that Sema3E may negatively regulate key T-dependent B cell processes, including germinal center (GC) responses and IgE production. To test this, Sema3e−/− and wild-type C57BL/6 mice underwent the acute house dust mite challenge protocol. We quantified GC B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), IgE+ B cells, antibody isotypes (IgE, IgG1), and cytokines at baseline and upon allergen airway challenge. GC formation was blocked by intraperitoneal administration of anti-ICOS-L or rat IgG as an isotype control. At the steady state, Sema3e−/− mice had a significantly higher baseline number of GC B cells, Tfh cells, ASCs, and serum IgE compared with the wild-type counterparts. Upon house dust mite immunization, Sema3e−/− mice exhibited enhanced GC responses, IgE production, and B cell costimulatory molecules expression. Interestingly, Sema3E absence in mice led to an increase in the expression of ICOS on CD4+ T cells and disruption of ICOS/ICOS-L signaling, remarkably reducing the number of GC B cells, Tfh cells, IgE+ B cells, ASCs, serum levels of immunoglobulins, and lung inflammatory cells. Collectively, Sema3E may negatively regulate both enhanced GC responses and elevated IgE production at both steady state and postimmunization, highlighting its critical role in controlling humoral immunity and allergic inflammation.
An Electrode‐Less Fiber Battery With 600 Wh/L‐Level Volumetric Energy Density Enabled by Dynamic Deposition Chemistry
ABSTRACT Aqueous fiber batteries are essential for next‐generation wearable electronics due to their inherent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the low volumetric energy density (<100 Wh/L), stemming from the contradiction of insufficient spatial utilization and limited flexibility inherent to the pre‐coated fiber electrodes, significantly hinders their practical applications. Here, we introduce an ultrathin, electrode‐less fiber battery based on the dynamic deposition chemistry to decouple volumetric energy density from mechanical robustness. This battery addresses the core inefficiency of pre‐coated fiber batteries through dynamic deposition chemistry that dissolves redox‐active materials directly into the electrolyte, thereby eliminating the need for pre‐coated electrodes. This intrinsic design minimizes inactive material volume and facilitates on‐demand electrochemical deposition during operation. Thus, the resulting fiber battery achieves a high volumetric energy density of 612 Wh/L and an ultrathin diameter of 130 µm. Furthermore, its dynamic stiffness is reduced by three orders of magnitude compared to pre‐coated counterparts. This study unveils a new technological pathway for fiber batteries with high volumetric energy density. Simultaneously, it establishes a novel, material‐efficient architectural paradigm that seamlessly integrates into high‐performance textiles, enabling future wearable devices.
Correction: Optical spin-orbit interaction induced by magnetic textures
IgA binding characteristics of golden hamster and ferret Fcα receptors
Abstract Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) are important animal models in studies of human infectious disease. They are used widely to investigate pathogen-spreading mechanisms and host immunology to evaluate the safety and efficacy of small molecules, biologic drugs and vaccines. To this end, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and its Fcα receptor (FcαR) play critical roles in humans but are not well characterized in these 2 species. Golden hamster and ferret IgA and FcαR were recombinantly expressed, purified, and characterized for N-linked glycosylation site occupancy and binding affinity. Based on sequence and structural alignments, hamster IgA showed greater similarity to human IgA than did ferret, and hinge domains in both small animal models suggested greater structural homology to human IgA2 than IgA1. Despite considerable sequence divergence in both immunoglobulins and receptors, and the lack of binding between ferret FcαR and ferret IgA, human IgA bound to both hamster and ferret FcαR with high affinity. Further, differences in dissociation rates were dependent on test format, suggesting that the 2:1 stoichiometry of human FcαR: IgA is recapitulated in these animals. Overall, this work suggests the suitability of these animals to model protection or pathology driven by interactions between human IgA and host FcαR and will aid in critical and confident interpretation of infection and immunization studies in each species.
Full‐Active‐Unit Molecular Design Strategy Enabling High‐Capacity and Stable Quinone Organic Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
ABSTRACT Redox‐active quinones have emerged as promising organic cathode materials (OCMs) for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical application is hindered by rapid dissolution in organic electrolytes and the common molecular design trade‐off where the introduction of non‐active structural motifs diminishes the specific capacity. To address these challenges, we propose a full‐active‐unit molecular design strategy. This approach connects two quinone (9,10‐anthraquinone or 9,10‐phenanthrenequinone) units via C─C single bond to a high‐capacity pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone core, aiming for both low solubility and high specific capacity. Accordingly, we synthesized 2,7‐bis(9,10‐anthraquinonyl)pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone (BAPO) and 2,7‐bis(9,10‐phenanthraquinonyl)pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone (BPPO), both exhibiting low solubility. Electrochemical tests revealed excellent cell performance, particularly for the BAPO cathode, which delivered a high capacity of 317.5 mAh g − 1 at 0.2 C and demonstrated exceptional long‐term cycling stability with 70.2% capacity retention after 9000 cycles at 5 C. This work provides a new molecular design concept for developing quinone cathode materials that simultaneously achieve high capacity and long cycle life.
Chemoimmunotherapy in Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: What COMMIT Can and Cannot Tell Us
APATCP: programmable multi-controller framework for real-time detection and mitigation of complex TCP flooding attacks in SD-IoT networks
Metabolic crosstalk between c-Myc and glutamine utilization sustains IgM+ B-cell immunity in teleosts
Abstract B-cell responses rely on a tightly coordinated interplay between transcriptional programs and metabolic reprogramming. Upon activation, B cells remodel their metabolic profiles, with enhanced glutamine metabolism supporting biomass synthesis and proliferation. However, whether and how glutaminolysis underpins B-cell responses in early vertebrates remains largely unexplored. Here, using the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a model, we demonstrate that IgM+ B cells markedly increase glutamine utilization upon activation. Glutamine deprivation impaired B-cell activation and proliferation, whereas glutamine supplementation promoted these processes. During Edwardsiella piscicida infection, pharmacological inhibition of glutamine metabolism significantly reduced the expansion of IgM+ B cells and compromised antibody secretion. Mechanistically, glutamine metabolism in tilapia IgM+ B cells was governed by the transcription factor c-Myc. Inhibition of c-Myc disrupted glutaminolysis, leading to diminished B-cell proliferation and antibody production. Upon activation, IgM+ B cells coordinated c-Myc expression and downstream glutamine metabolism through the mTORC1 and ERK signaling pathways, thereby coordinating metabolic and immune functions. Notably, this regulatory mechanism operated in a B cell–intrinsic manner and was independent of T-cell help. Collectively, our findings reveal that teleost B cells possess evolutionarily conserved and sophisticated immunometabolic regulatory programs. This study provides new insights into how metabolic pathways are integrated with immune signaling to control B-cell function, highlighting coordinated immunometabolic regulation as a fundamental mechanism underlying vertebrate B-cell immunity.
Multifunctional Electrode/Neural Integration Interface Enabling Chronic High‐Fidelity Neural Recording and an Order‐of‐Magnitude Neuromodulation Quality
ABSTRACT Neural electrodes face persistent challenges, including inflammation, biofouling, and impedance, which compromise long‐term recording and stimulation quality. Here, we introduced a multifunctional polyamino acid interface that enhances neural interfacing by combining biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and antifouling properties. Applied to flexible electrodes, this coating reduces foreign body reaction and preserves neuronal proximity, ensuring stable integration with brain tissue. In chronic rodent models, functionalized electrodes achieve high‐fidelity single‐unit recordings for over 300 days with significantly higher spike amplitudes and yield than bare controls. Notably, the interface enables an order‐of‐magnitude improvement in neuromodulation efficiency, evoking robust motor responses at only 2 µA compared to 100 µA for uncoated probes. Multi‐omics analysis reveals a molecularly profound alteration in the host tissue response, transitioning from a pro‐inflammatory injury signature to an attenuated inflammatory state with improved tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, the interface's resistance to biological “cementing” facilitates damage‐free electrode removal and recovery, preserving the neural architecture and enabling the possibility of chronic replacement. This universal platform offers a promising and practical strategy for the next generation of stable, clinically viable neural–computer interfaces.