Browse Articles

Beyond Simple Mimicry: Next‐Generation Geometric Architectures and Future Paradigms in Small‐Molecule and Macrocyclic Peptidomimetics

ABSTRACT Peptidomimetics have matured from motif‑based inhibitors into a structural engineering discipline that systematically translates peptide recognition surfaces into drug‑like scaffolds. Driven by the urgent clinical demand to overcome the inherent pharmacological liabilities of biomolecules, the field is undergoing a decisive Peptide‐to‐Small Molecule paradigm shift—functionally converting peptide‐derived recognition motifs into orally bioavailable synthetic therapeutics. This Perspective highlights how foundational geometric design principles—linear repetition, convergent fusion, and cyclization—define next‑generation architectures capable of targeting complex protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Repeating‑unit oligomers exemplify linear projection strategies, heterocycle‑centered scaffolds embody the convergent fusion of recognition motifs, and macrocyclic frameworks pre‐organize bioactive conformations while enabling access to non‑canonical topologies. Beyond simple mimicry, these architectures increasingly embrace dynamic responsiveness, aggregation remodeling, and universal multi‑structure platforms. We argue that the convergence of geometric logic with automated synthesis and AI‑driven design will transform peptidomimetics into a primary modality for decoding and therapeutically engaging the human interactome, including historically “undruggable” PPIs.

Peiran Wei

A Tautomeric Carbon Nitride Structure for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

ABSTRACT Constructing type‐II heterojunctions is a prevalent strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). However, conventional PCN‐based type‐II heterojunctions are often limited by incoherent interfacial contacts, high charge‐transfer resistance, and poorly aligned energy levels with large band offsets, all of which impede interfacial charge transfer and degrade the redox capability of photocarriers. In this study, we report a pseudo‐resonance transformation strategy to selectively convert melon‐type carbon nitride (MCN) into a topologically analogous yet electronically distinct conjugated derivative (C─MCN). This process constructs a unique MCN/C─MCN tautomeric heterojunction​ featuring a chemically bonded, coherent, and dangling‐bond‐free interface. Carrier dynamics analysis reveals that this structural continuum significantly lowers the energy barrier for exciton dissociation while facilitating efficient interfacial charge transfer. As a result, the obtained tautomeric heterojunction exhibits outstanding photocatalytic overall water splitting performance, achieving a hydrogen evolution rate 2.3 and 2.6 times higher than that of pristine MCN and standalone C─MCN, respectively. This work establishes a new paradigm for fabricating dangling‐bond‐free polymeric heterojunctions, providing an efficient pathway toward solar‐fuel production.

Energy Transfer Catalysis Enabled by Multichannel Through‐Space Charge Transfer TADF Photosensitizers: [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition to Cyclobutane‐Fused Phosphindole 3‐Oxides

ABSTRACT Triplet energy transfer (TEnT) photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for enabling mild and selective bond‐forming reactions. However, its generality remains limited by the intrinsic trade‐offs in existing photosensitizers (PSs). Noble metal (e.g., Ir, Ru) complexes offer high efficiency yet suffer from cost and sustainability concerns, while organic carbonyl sensitizers suffer from weak visible‐light absorption and short‐lived triplet states. Herein, we report heavy‐atom‐free organic PSs featuring a multi‐channel through‐space charge transfer (TSCT) architecture within a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) framework. A highly twisted donor‐acceptor topology enforces near‐complete frontier orbital separation, leading to ultralow singlet‐triplet energy gaps (Δ E ST down to 0.013 eV) and thereby enabling efficient spin interconversion. Consequently, these PSs simultaneously achieve high intersystem crossing (ISC) quantum yields, microsecond‐scale triplet lifetimes, and high triplet energies ( E T up to 63.7 kcal mol −1 ), rivaling those of state‐of‐the‐art noble‐metal systems. Leveraging these features, we demonstrate the first visible‐light‐driven intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,3‐diphenylphosphindole 1‐oxides with alkenes and alkynes, enabling rapid access to structurally complex cyclobutane‐fused phosphindole 3‐oxides that hold potential value in drug screening but are typically difficult to obtain. Mechanistic studies support a TEnT pathway, in which minimal Δ E ST and efficient ISC are key to achieving high TEnT reactivity.

Positive Electrochemical Potentials Induce Enhanced Chemoselectivity and Activity in the Thermocatalytic Hydrogenation of 3‐Nitrostyrene

ABSTRACT Electrochemical promotion of catalysis is emerging as a powerful approach to control chemical reactions externally without complex catalyst modification, but this has mostly been used for substrates with a single reactive group so far. Herein, we demonstrate that this approach can induce full chemoselectivity in catalytic transformations of substrates with multiple functional groups. Specifically, we show that application of a positive electrochemical potential during the thermocatalytic hydrogenation (TCH) of 3‐nitrostyrene exclusively delivered one single product, 1‐ethyl‐3‐nitrobenzene, with six‐fold enhanced yield, while a complex product mixture was obtained at open circuit voltage. These effects resulted from the combined effects of a positive electrode polarization and acidification of the bulk solution through a concurrent hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and kinetic experiments showed that the positive polarization optimized the surface concentrations of reactants and the adsorption properties of 3‐nitrostyrene and hydrogenation products. Validation with additional reactants and catalyst implies a possible broader relevance of our findings beyond the initial system of 3‐nitrostyrene hydrogenation. Overall, our work provides fundamental insight into the effects of electrode polarization on thermal hydrogenation reactions and opens new opportunities to use electrochemical promotion to control chemoselectivity and activity.

Unlocking the Potential of Sparingly Soluble LiNO ₃ in Carbonate Electrolytes With Pyridine as a Carrier Cosolvent for 450 Wh Kg ⁻¹ High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

ABSTRACT LiNO 3 is a highly effective electrolyte additive for ether‐based lithium metal batteries, but its extremely poor solubility in carbonate electrolytes has long restricted its application in high‐voltage high‐energy‐density systems. In this study, we develop a pyridine carrier cosolvent strategy to efficiently dissolve LiNO 3 in carbonate electrolytes. Pyridine coordinates with Li + to enter the solvation shell, weakening Li + ‐carbonate interactions to promote LiNO 3 dissolution and enable NO 3 − participation in interphase formation. The coordination effect also suppresses the intrinsic high reactivity of pyridine, realizing its controllable interfacial decomposition. The synergistic decomposition of pyridine and LiNO 3 constructs compact, inorganic‐dominated, rigid‐flexible interpenetrating electrode‐electrolyte interphases rich in Li 3 N, LiN x O y , and LiF with high mechanical strength. Benefiting from the optimized interphases, Li||Cu cells deliver a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 97.3% at 2 mA cm −2 , and 4.5 V Li||NCM90 cells show outstanding cycling stability under practical thin‐lithium and lean‐electrolyte conditions. Remarkably, 5.6 Ah pouch cells achieve an energy density up to 453 Wh kg −1 with 95.5% capacity retention after 50 cycles. This work offers a facile approach for utilizing sparingly soluble functional additives and promotes the development of high‐voltage, high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries.

Atomically Engineered RuO <i> _x </i> ‐Cu Interfaces Enabling Tandem Catalysis for Ampere‐Level Nitrite–Ethanol Co‐Electrolysis

ABSTRACT Designing tandem catalysts with well‐defined interfacial architectures is of great significance for promoting multi‐step electrochemical transformations, yet achieving synergistic regulation of dual active sites at the atomic level remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we develop an atomic‐level engineering strategy to construct RuO x cluster‐modified Cu‐based nanowire array electrodes with abundant interfacial structures, which act as efficient tandem catalysts for sustained nitrite–ethanol paired electrolysis at ampere‐level current densities. In situ spectroscopic analysis combined with theoretical calculations reveals that the atomically RuO x cluster serves as highly active water‐activation sites, generating abundant active hydrogen/oxygen species that subsequently react with adsorbed nitrogen and carbon‐containing intermediates, thereby enabling exceptionally favorable co‐electrolysis kinetics. Impressively, a membrane electrode assembly flow electrolyzer constructed with RuO x @R‐Cu/CF as both electrodes achieves &gt;90% Faradaic efficiencies for NH 3 and acetate over a wide current density window of 0.2–1.0 A cm −2 , along with high yields of 5.86 mmol h −1 cm −2 (NH 3 ) and 8.65 mmol h −1 cm −2 (acetate) at 1.0 A cm −2 , and outstanding operational stability, significantly surpassing previously reported co‐electrolysis systems.

Fibers and Double‐Layered Tubes Formed From a Single Self‐Complementary DNA Oligonucleotide

ABSTRACT This study reports the first observation that a short self‐complementary DNA oligonucleotide can self‐assemble into two distinct liquid‐crystalline architectures—long fibers and double‐layered molecular tubes—upon thermal annealing. These two morphologies are determined by depletion forces tuned by the concentration of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in solution. At lower PEG concentrations (25–30 w/v %), the depletion forces between duplexes are relatively weak. Under these conditions, nucleation occurs only at lower temperatures after sufficient duplex DNA has formed, leading to predominantly longitudinal growth and the formation of elongated DNA fibers. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) revealed a single columnar hexagonal packing structure within these fibers. At higher PEG concentrations (35–40 w/v %), the depletion forces become stronger. Under these conditions, nucleation occurs even at elevated temperatures, where the amount of duplex is still limited, leading to the formation of tubular assemblies. SAXS measurements conducted on the tubular DNA assemblies revealed two separate hexagonal lattice constants, suggesting differences in packing density between the inner core and the outer framework. This work establishes a new direction in DNA‐based materials design, demonstrating that hierarchical liquid‐crystalline architectures can emerge from a single short DNA oligonucleotide simply by tuning molecular crowding conditions.

Crystalline Small Molecule‐Polymer Superlattice for Spatially Isolated Tetrathiafulvalene Spin Qubit Arrays

ABSTRACT Molecular electron spins are compelling qubit candidates; however, mitigating their rapid relaxation and decoherence driven by structural disorder and phonon coupling remains a central challenge. Constructing molecular qubit frameworks (MQFs) represents a promising strategy to preserve quantum coherence by embedding spin centers in a rigid and ordered microenvironment. Here, we report a host–guest superlattice MQF by cocrystallizing tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with a one‐dimensional B←N coordination polymer ( CityU‐65 ). Encaging TTF radical spins within this highly ordered lattice establishes a rigid and magnetically dilute environment, effectively suppressing spin‐lattice relaxation and partially mitigating spin decoherence. Consequently, CityU‐65 preserves coherent spin addressability even under ambient conditions. At room temperature, the superlattice exhibits a prolonged spin–lattice relaxation time ( T 1 = 9.6 µs) and a modestly improved phase‐memory time ( T m = 0.9 µs) compared to pristine crystalline TTF. Our work establishes B←N superlattice cocrystallization as a powerful strategy for engineering designer quantum materials, providing a general guideline for the development of high‐performance organic qubits through structural and phononic modulation.

Mimicking Overall Photosynthesis by Incorporating Paired Ce(III) Single‐Atom Sites Into Covalent Organic Framework

ABSTRACT Artificial photosynthesis that mimics overall photosynthesis towards converting CO 2 and H 2 O to C 2+ chemicals still remains a great challenge due to the lack of efficient photocatalysts containing both water oxidation reaction (WOR) and CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) active sites with good visible‐light absorption capability and matched band structure. Herein, we developed a three‐dimensional covalent organic framework (3D COF), BPDA‐AmCOF‐Ce, containing paired Ce(III) single atomic sites and pyrene moieties. The two‐fold interpenetrated bcu topology of BPDA‐AmCOF‐Ce with two neighboring 2,2'‐bipyridine moieties of BPDA results in a short distance of 5.63 Å for paired Ce atoms, capable of inducing C‐C coupling in CO 2 RR. This, together with exposed pyrene moieties‐effective in driving 2e − WOR, good visible light absorption capacity, and matched band structure, enables BPDA‐AmCOF‐Ce to exhibit excellent overall photosynthesis performance, converting CO 2 and H 2 O to CH 3 COOH and H 2 O 2 at high production rates of 166.67 and 601.42 µmol g catalyst −1 h −1 , respectively, with selectivity upto 94.4% under visible light ( λ &gt; 420 nm) illumination. This work not only provides insights into the design and fabrication of efficient artificial photocatalysts to mimic overall photosynthesis but also highlights the significance of combining COFs with single‐atom catalysts towards engineering reaction pathways in photocatalysis.

Tuning Local Charge‐Density in COFs to Suppress Protonation and Unlock Binding Sites for Efficient Palladium Recovery

ABSTRACT Imine‐linked COFs are increasingly being used to recover palladium from aqueous waste streams, but the binding sites undergo protonation in acidic media, thereby losing palladium adsorption capacity. Herein, we report a new strategy that effectively suppresses imine protonation in COFs by tuning the local charge density, thereby allowing highly efficient recovery of Pd(II) from acidic solutions. By judicious placement of electron‐donating hydroxyl substituents on aromatic units next to imine groups, the electron cloud density around imine N atoms increases, suppressing protonation and preserving a high density of accessible Pd(II) binding sites. Further incorporation of extended π‐conjugated naphthalene units increases local charge density at the imine centers, strengthening the Pd(II) affinity and boosting adsorption capacity. As a result, the optimized adsorbent (COF‐3) exhibits rapid adsorption kinetics, exceptional selectivity, and an unprecedented Pd(II) uptake of 942.02 ± 24.61 mg/g in 0.1 M HNO 3 , surpassing all reported crystalline adsorbents thus far. Subsequently, COF‐3 demonstrates robust performance in dynamic recovery of Pd(II) from both acidic laboratory waste streams and simulated high‐level radioactive liquid waste, while maintaining excellent adsorption efficiency across multiple adsorption‐desorption cycles. Our rational strategy opens a new avenue for designing next‐generation sorbents for precious metal recovery and other applications.

Stereospecific Epoxide‐to‐Cyclopropylamine Conversion by a Homologous Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons‐Type Reaction With an Imine‐Substituted Phosphine Oxide

ABSTRACT We report a homologous Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons‐type reaction of an imine‐substituted phosphine oxide with epoxides, enabling a formal O‐to‐C(NH 2 ) atom swap to access structurally important cyclopropylamines. This transformation proceeds with high stereochemical fidelity, translating the chirality of epoxides into cyclopropylamines with ≥ 98% enantiospecificity, and accommodating a wide range of mono‐, 2,2‐, and 2,3‐disubstituted epoxides. The strategy's robustness is demonstrated by the efficient, scalable synthesis of the core scaffolds of bioactive molecules such as ticagrelor and tranylcypromine. DFT calculations elucidate the role of the imino group in facilitating the reaction and illustrate the origin of diastereoselectivity through a rigid, chelated transition state model.

Polymorphism‐Controlled Exciton Dissociation in Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Photocatalysts

ABSTRACT Organic photocatalysts have attracted extensive attention, while multiple interrelated factors influence photocatalytic activity, making it challenging to identify the dominant structural features that govern performance. Here, we report two pyrene‐based hydrogen‐bonded organic framework polymorphs, H 4 PTBA‐AA and H 4 PTBA‐ABC, which exhibit nearly identical light absorption, hydrophilicity, and dispersed particle sizes, but they show markedly different excited‐state behaviors. Spectroscopic studies reveal that H 4 PTBA‐AA shows smaller exciton binding energy and preferentially forms a charge‐transfer (CT)‐like state, whereas H 4 PTBA‐ABC is more prone to evolve into an excimer‐like state. As a result, the photocatalytic H 2 evolution rate of H 4 PTBA‐AA is approximately six times higher than that of H 4 PTBA‐ABC. For the first time, through a relatively well‐controlled comparison, this study shows that molecular packing plays an important role in exciton dissociation in HOF frameworks and provides useful insights for the rational design of efficient photocatalytic organic frameworks.

High‐Throughput Virtual Screening of Small Molecule Quenchers for Near‐Infrared Fluorophores

ABSTRACT Energy transfer (EnT)‐based near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are preferred for biosensing due to their low phototoxicity, deep photon penetration, and high signal‐to‐noise ratios in vivo. A significant challenge in this domain is the scarcity of small‐molecule quenchers (SMQs) that can effectively modulate NIR fluorescence. This study presents the first large‐scale screening of SMQs, performing high‐throughput virtual screening (HTVS) of 26,695 compact candidate structures (≤ 6 non‐hydrogen atoms). We identified several promising molecular moieties, such as ─N═O, ─C═S, and ─B─N═ fragments, and experimentally validated the ─N═O motif as a representative proof‐of‐concept by constructing three red‐to‐NIR probes (P2–P4) that operate from ∼590 to 820 nm and successfully image nitric oxide in cells and in vivo. The resulting SMQ library includes candidates predicted to be compatible with NIR fluorophores emitting beyond 800 nm and provides a design blueprint that may accelerate the development of next‐generation EnT‐based NIR fluorescent probes.

Aggregation‐Induced Doping Enhancement Enabled by Non‐Covalent Conformation Locking on Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Toward Efficient Hole Collection in Organic Solar Cells

ABSTRACT The development of anode interlayers (AIL) with a non‐corrosive nature and good compatibility with large‐area fabrication techniques has long been an important topic in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, most AIL materials suffer from low doping density, which results in poor conductivity, ultimately degrading their performances. Here, we demonstrate an aggregation‐induced doping enhancement in conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), enabled by the introduction of non‐covalent S–O and S–F interactions as conformational locks to yield coplanar conjugated backbones. The characterization results of condensed structure revealed that the ordered and compact molecular aggregation of CPE films can induce a pronounced p‐doping effect, which significantly enhances charge‐transporting capabilities. In particular, the PEP‐2SF exhibited a π – π stacking distance of 3.53 Å and showed an exceptional conductivity of 4.34 × 10 − 2 S/m after being doped by polyoxometalate (POM). OSCs modified by the PEP‐2SF‐based AIL exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.28%. Moreover, the high conductivity enables excellent thickness insensitivity and good compatibility of PEP‐2SF:P with large‐area processing methods. A 1.2‐cm 2 device was fabricated based on blade‐coated PEP‐2SF:P, exhibiting a PCE of 17.31%. Our results suggest that aggregation‐induced doping enhancement of CPEs will provide an effective approach for developing high‐performance AIL materials.

Silver Cluster‐Mediated Polyoxotantalate 1D Molecular Heterostructure Toward Ultra‐Low‐Loss Active Optical Waveguides and Information Coding

ABSTRACT This work investigates the first one‐dimensional (1D) silver cluster‐mediated polyoxotantalate molecular heterostructures of ‐[Ag 9 ‐Ta 6 ] n ‐ ( 1g , 1y , and 1r ), combining silver clusters as versatile emitting units and polyoxotantalate as light propagation units. Its ultra‐low waveguiding loss coefficient of (1.03 ∼ 1.63 × 10 −3  dB/µm) demonstrates this assembly of silver clusters and polyoxotantalate as an efficient platform in designing active optical waveguides. The solvent‐affected luminescent emission of silver clusters within this heterostructure enables the construction of emission‐tunable (green, yellow, and red) waveguides. Furthermore, the local photoluminescent (PL) behaviors of a single crystal could be changed via local thermal treatment, leading to the formation of an optical heterojunction. Spatially PL resolved spectra also confirm heterojunction microrods exhibit an obvious optical waveguide effect with a low waveguide loss coefficient (2.22 ∼ 2.93 × 10 −3  dB/µm) during propagation. This study not only represents the first example following the function decomposition discipline but also establishes new types of silver cluster‐mediated polyoxotantalate‐based low‐dimensional ultralow‐loss optical waveguides for advanced optical communication and information coding.

Leveraging Molecular Weight Dispersity for Scalable, Precise Synthesis of Nanocylinders Via Quasi‐Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly

ABSTRACT The scalable and precise synthesis of polymeric nanostructures represents a significant challenge due to the inherent trade‐off between production efficiency and morphological control. Here, we introduce a quasi ‐polymerization‐induced self‐assembly ( quasi ‐PISA) strategy that integrates in situ nucleation‐growth kinetics to fabricate uniform cylindrical micelles from liquid crystalline block copolymers at high concentrations (up to 10 wt.%). Counterintuitively, we demonstrate that the broad molecular weight distribution of PISA, often considered a drawback, can be harnessed as a key variable for precise assembly. By modulating polymerization conditions, fibril lengths were well controlled from 100 nm to over 3 µm (with length dispersity &lt; 1.10) without requiring pre‐formed seeds. This enables the one‐pot synthesis of triblock comicelles and gram‐scale production. Rheological analysis revealed a scaling relationship between solution viscosity and fibril length ( η ∝ L 0.667 ). This work advances the scalable fabrication of length‐controlled cylindrical nanostructures, offering design principles for their practical applications in diverse fields.

Neural synaptic functions of Pt/NSTO/In self-rectifying memristors with Schottky barriers

Memristors with self-rectifying properties are capable of suppressing sneak currents in crossbar arrays and become a key component for constructing artificial synapses. Their performance usually depends on the formation of the interface barrier, so the regulation of the interface barrier on the synaptic functions will be investigated. In this study, Pt/NSTO/In self-rectifying memristors were fabricated based on 0.05 and 0.7 wt. % Nb doped SrTiO3 (NSTO) single crystals. The resistive switching behavior originates from the modulation of the Pt/NSTO Schottky barrier, and the barrier difference of Pt/0.7NSTO between the high-resistance state (HRS) and low-resistance state (LRS) is more pronounced due to the higher carrier concentration and larger interface trap density. For both Pt/NSTO/In memristors, continuous multistate conductance can be modulated by adjusting the applied pulse amplitude, interval, and width. Results on synaptic function simulation, such as paired-pulse facilitation, long-term potentiation/long-term depression, excitatory postsynaptic currents, habituation, and short-term memory-to-long-term memory transition, show that the Pt/0.7NSTO/In device exhibits superior conductance modulation precision, habituation–dishabituation behavior, and memory retention capability, which can be attributed to the higher Schottky barrier between HRS and LRS for Pt/0.7NSTO. So modulating the interface barrier can effectively optimize the synaptic behaviors of memristors, which provide valuable technical guidance for memristor optimization.

Interface-abruptness-limited physics in AlGaN UV-B laser diodes

AlGaN-based ultraviolet-B (UV-B) laser diodes have recently shown improved performance through low-temperature metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy growth; however, the dominant physical mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the mechanism governing the performance improvement by comparing the heterointerface structures actually formed and the resulting device characteristics in samples in which the growth temperature was varied for the layers from the n-side waveguide to the p-side region, while using the same target epitaxial structure and device design. Reducing the growth temperature from 1000 to 775 °C suppresses Al/Ga interdiffusion, resulting in a significant reduction in the thickness of the composition-graded region at the p-side waveguide/electron-blocking layer interface. As a result, the carrier injection efficiency ηi increases from 18% to 50%, accompanied by a fourfold reduction in threshold current density and a twofold enhancement in slope efficiency. Despite increased impurity incorporation and degraded surface morphology under low-temperature growth conditions, the internal optical loss remains nearly unchanged. These results indicate that the observed improvement in device performance is primarily attributed to improved carrier injection resulting from enhanced guide/EBL heterointerface abruptness. Furthermore, these findings suggest that heterointerface engineering provides a useful design strategy for AlGaN-based UV-B laser diodes and may also offer design guidelines for other wide-bandgap nitride semiconductor devices containing heterointerfaces with large composition differences.

Lithography-free patterning of SrTiO3-based two-dimensional electron gases using direct atomic layer processing

We present a scalable and lithography-free strategy for the realization of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in TiO2-patterned SrTiO3 (100) via Al deposition using magnetron sputtering. A 15 nm thick TiO2 layer, deposited by direct atomic layer processing, is employed to spatially define the conducting regions, enabling direct transport measurements without post-growth microfabrication. Upon Al deposition, an insulating AlOx overlayer is formed, and the region lacking the TiO2 pattern leads to the creation of oxygen vacancies in SrTiO3. These oxygen vacancies act as electron donors, populating the Ti 3d conduction bands and giving rise to a confined 2DEG at the interface. Magneto-transport measurements reveal a sheet carrier density on the order of ≈5–7 × 1013 cm−2, comparable to values typically achieved in pulsed laser deposition-grown SrTiO3-based heterostructures, along with effective electrostatic tunability. This work demonstrates a simple, cost-effective, and industry-compatible route for engineering oxide 2DEGs, providing a versatile platform for scalable device fabrication and interfacial transport studies.