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Risk of recurrence in patients with provoked venous thromboembolism: a prospective cohort study
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) provoked by transient risk factors is generally considered low risk, supporting short-term anticoagulation. However, this paradigm is based on heterogeneous definitions of provoking factors. In a prospective cohort study, we evaluated recurrence risk using the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) classification of major and minor transient risk factors. Patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism who completed ≥3 months of anticoagulation were followed after treatment discontinuation. Patients with cancer, major thrombophilia, pregnancy-associated VTE, or indication for extended anticoagulation were excluded. The primary outcome was symptomatic recurrent VTE. Cumulative incidence was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The study was terminated early due to unexpectedly high recurrence risk among patients with major provoking factors. Between 2019 and 2025, 242 patients were followed for a median of 23.9 months; 72 had major and 170 minor transient risk factors. Recurrent VTE occurred in 13 patients with major and 7 with minor risk factors. At 24 months, recurrence risk was 9.5% (95% CI, 6.0-14.0) overall, 19.7% (11.0-30.2) after major, and 5.0% (2.2-9.5) after minor risk factors. No recurrence occurred in 81 women with hormone-associated VTE; after their exclusion, the recurrence risk among patients with other minor risk factors increased to 9.1% (95% CI 4.0-17.0). Recurrence after provoked VTE is not uniformly low and varies substantially by the type of transient risk factor. These findings challenge current treatment paradigms and support individualized decisions regarding anticoagulation duration.
Surface-modified ZnO nanowire arrays ultraviolet photodetector with Cu nanoparticles for enhanced detection performance
The state-of-the-art ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs) have been extensively used in environmental monitoring, security checks, and optical communication. The conventional ZnO UV PDs often exhibit low sensitivity and slow response/decay speed. In this study, Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were first used to modify the surface of ZnO nanowire array (ZNWA) UV PDs. The results showed that after Cu NP modification, the dark current (Id) of the device at 5 V bias was reduced by more than one order of magnitude, while its responsivity and detectivity were about twice those of the ZNWA UV PD. The response and decay times reduced by 2.8 and 27.4 s, respectively. The present simple scheme offers a new strategy to suppress the Id in ZnO UV PDs for ultrasensitive photodetection applications.
Electrical-controlled and layer-filtered altermagnetic tunnel junction with all-in-one architecture
Altermagnets (AMs) offer a rare combination of zero net magnetization and non-relativistic spin splitting. However, achieving efficient switching of AM states remains a critical challenge for practical spintronic devices. Here, based on the finding that the external out-of-plane electric field lifts the band degeneracy of bilayer V2Se2O and hosts layer-dependent spin polarization at the Fermi level, we propose a scheme to achieve an all-electric-controlled AM tunnel junction solely with the bilayer V2Se2O via the first-principles quantum transport calculations. As the electric field applied to two ends switches from the same direction to the opposite direction, two prominent conduction states can be achieved, leading to a tunneling magnetoresistance as high as ∼1010%. Notably, the transport channels are layer-filtered, that is, only the bottom layer contributes to the tunneling unless the spin-splitting bands from the conduction and the valence bands cross together when the electric field increases to 0.25 V/Å. Our findings provide theoretical guidance for utilizing AM bilayers in low-power, high-speed memory devices and highlight a feasible route for the electrical manipulation of layer-resolved AM transport.
Sustainable Poly(Lactic Acid)/Graphene Oxide Bioelectronic Platform for Neurotransmitters Sensing and Tunable Stimulation of Astrocytes
ABSTRACT Biocompatible and biodegradable electrode platforms were developed using laser‐scribed poly(lactic acid)/graphene oxide (PLA/GO) composites, prepared via an innovative waterborne dispersion method. Laser treatment enabled the formation of graphene/graphite‐like structures. By varying the fluence of the laser used, it was possible to modulate the physico–chemical properties of the conductive traces obtained, finally leading to materials characterized by tunable sheet resistance, chemical structure, and morphology. Thanks to the low charge transfer resistance and the peculiar electrocatalytic and antifouling properties observed, the platforms were applied as electrochemical sensors for the detection of various biomarkers in biological fluids, namely ascorbic and uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and catecholamine‐based neurotransmitters, outperforming commercial carbon screen‐printed electrodes. Contextually, laser‐scribed electrodes were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel approach for selectively stimulating Ca 2 + signaling in astrocytes. The results here reported open the possibility to apply laser‐scribed PLA/GO as innovative eco‐sustainable solutions for simultaneous treatment of pathological conditions and monitoring of the resulting neurotransmitter expression in in vitro and in vivo models.
Dual Oxygen Precursors Boosting the Ionic Conductivity of Glassy Electrolytes for All‐Solid‐State Sodium Batteries
ABSTRACT Amorphous halide‐based solid electrolytes (SEs) are promising candidates for all‐solid‐state Na batteries (ASSNaBs) due to their structural flexibility and favorable mechanical properties. Among them, aluminum‐based halide electrolytes are particularly attractive owing to their low cost and oxidative stability; however, previously reported systems typically exhibit limited room‐temperature ionic conductivity (<1 mS cm −1 ). In this work, we report the synthesis of a transparent, viscoelastic Na–Al SE with the specific composition 0.6NaClO–AlCl 3 –0.175SeO 2 , achieved through the strategic introduction of dual oxygen sources (NaClO and SeO 2 ). This approach enables the modulation of charge carrier concentrations while simultaneously supplying sufficient oxygen. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of deoxygenation enthalpy to rationalize the selection of these dual oxygen sources among various oxide candidates. The resulting electrolyte achieves a high Na + conductivity of 2.03 mS cm −1 at ambient temperatures, among the highest reported for Na–Al halide electrolytes. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that segmental motion within the disordered framework actively facilitates Na + transport, underpinning the observed viscoelastic behavior. When integrated into ASSNaB with uncoated NaNi 0.4 Fe 0.2 Mn 0.4 O 2 cathode, the electrolyte enables stable long‐term cycling and superior thermal compatibility, demonstrating practical applicability. This work establishes a new paradigm in rational precursor design for high‐performance viscoelastic SEs.
Ultrafast Electrochromic Flexible Displays via Solvent‐Induced Porous and Loosely Packed Films
ABSTRACT Electrochromic devices (ECDs) represent one of the promising application areas of organic electrochromic materials, offering advantages such as low power consumption and nonemissive operation based on ambient light modulation. However, current electrochromic materials typically exhibit limited response speeds, which still pose a significant challenge to realizing truly dynamic display technology. In this work, we used tetrahydrofuran (THF) to induce solvation in a hydroxyl‐terminated side‐chain electrochromic polymer. The hydrogen bonds formed during this process generate induced polarization, which promotes the aligned arrangement of surrounding solvent molecules. Consequently, the uneven distribution of solvent triggers phase separation during spin‐coating, ultimately forming a porous electrochromic film with a high specific surface area. By constructing this multi‐layered porous thin film, we achieve a coloration response time of 0.87 s and a bleaching response time of 0.22 s, while maintaining a high optical contrast of 70.89% at 500 nm. Additionally, benefiting from the ability of hydrogen bonding to alleviate mechanical stress, we fabricated both active and passive display matrix prototypes on rigid and flexible substrates, achieving a fast switching rate of 0.1 s under a low operating voltage of 1.4 V (Bleaching time = 5 ms). This strategy exhibits a certain degree of generality, highlighting the potential of side‐chain‐engineered, solvent‐induced assembly for developing ultrafast electrochromic display materials.
Trions as Fundamental Species in Chemically Doped Polymer Semiconductors
ABSTRACT Doping is a cornerstone strategy for enhancing charge transport in semiconducting polymers, important for their application in, for example, semi‐transparent electrode materials, thermoelectric devices, and antistatic coatings. Both chemical and electrochemical doping have, for this purpose, been the focus of extensive research resulting in considerable progress. However, the interactions between neutral excitons and doping‐induced charges to form multi‐particle states are largely unexplored in soft organic semiconductors, and their signatures remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that coupling between excitons and polarons in doped polymers can lead to bound states such as trions (i.e., quasiparticles of an electron and two holes delocalized across three chromophores for p ‐doping), or bound exciton‐hole pairs. Combining spectroscopic evidence with theoretical insights, we hypothesize that polymer architecture, dopant chemistry, and charge delocalization govern the formation and stability of these multi‐particle states. More broadly, our findings reveal that trions and bound exciton‐hole pairs—that is, three‐body entities—are a key species in organic semiconductors that could open new pathways toward optoelectronic functionalities beyond conventional doping, including enhanced charge transport and quantum‐coherent excitations.
Gold‐Stabilized Copper Enables Anodic Hydrogen Evolution for Ultralow‐Voltage CO‐to‐Ethylene Electrolysis
ABSTRACT Electrochemical upgrading from CO 2 and CO to ethylene has typically been coupled with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), whose high standard reduction potential leads to full‐cell voltages above 2.2 V at 200 mA/cm 2 . Here we explored an alternative anodic reaction, where furfural is oxidized to furoic acid, a reaction having a low onset potential ( E 0 ≈ 0.05 V vs. RHE), and which reaction is accompanied by the evolution of H 2 : an anodic hydrogen evolution reaction (a‐HER). In early experiments, copper oxide as a‐HER catalyst exhibit limited stability (< 10 min) and activity (80 mA/cm 2 at 0.8 V cell ). We found, using operando spectroscopy, that hydroxide forms on the surface of copper and deactivates the desired a‐HER process. When we screened candidate metal dopants, we found the best to be Au, for it served to stabilize the Cu surface, enablinained a‐HER: 260 mA cm −2 at 0.8 V cell and stable operation for 16 h. Integrated into a paired CO‐to‐ethylene electrolyzer, this delivered 0.92 V fullcell at 400 mA cm −2 , required 40 GJ electricity per ton of ethylene, and co‐produced 460 kg H 2 per ton ethylene. To enable comparison with CO 2 ‐to‐ethylene reports, which require an additional CO 2 ‐to‐CO step, we estimate ∼ 69 GJ/tonC 2 H 4 .
Bubble‐Assisted Dynamic Confinement Enables Programmable Solid‐State Photoswitching and Heterogeneous Photoresponsive Architectures
ABSTRACT Achieving programmable photoisomerization of azobenzenes in the solid‐state remains a long‐standing challenge for photoresponsive materials. Here, we introduce a dynamic soft‐confinement strategy using bubble‐assisted assembly to manipulate molecular aggregation via tunable surface energy at the solid‐liquid interface. By controlling the morphologies of microfluidic channels (necktie‐like, strip‐like, and necklace‐like), we achieve distinct self‐assembled aggregates of microcubes, corded scaffolds, and microplates, with tailored freedom of the photoswitchable molecule. The strip‐like channel, formed by thinning bubble walls, traps metastable intermediates, yielding a corded scaffold structure with favorable light penetration, weaker intermolecular interactions, and loosened molecular packing for isomerization. This design achieves near‐quantitative bidirectional E ⇆ Z photoisomerization (96%–98%) in the solid‐state, rivaling solution‐like performance. Multi‐scale characterization and computational analyses reveal the critical role of confined aggregation kinetics in controlling molecular motion. Furthermore, heterogeneous patterning demonstrates programmable photoresponsive arrays for photomechanical applications. This strategy provides a scalable platform for dynamically controlling supramolecular self‐assembly pathways and designing solid‐state photoresponsive materials with programmable functions.
Bionic Flexible Wrinkled Strain Sensors With Water‑Accelerated Self‐healing Capability for Underwater Detection and Motion Interaction
ABSTRACT Developing flexible sensors capable of long‐term, high‐sensitivity monitoring for flow fields and motion interactions is crucial for advancing unmanned underwater operations. However, flexible sensors always face challenges in achieving underwater superior self‐healing performance and high sensitivity simultaneously. Here, inspired by human skin, we present a method combining force‐driven wool spiral regulation with high‐temperature to fabricate a flexible sensor with random wrinkled microstructures. Importantly, the sensor resumed usable output within just 8 min of incurring damage because dynamic borate ester bonds were applied to accelerate its underwater self‐healing rate via hydrolysis‐re esterification reactions. This bionic self‐healing wrinkled flexible sensor achieves high underwater sensitivity, with average response and recovery time of only 124 ms and 112 ms, respectively, compared with most reported underwater flexible sensors with the same type of material of exceeding 200 ms. Notably, it maintains signal stability and functional continuity over 5,000 cycles following underwater self‐healing. We further demonstrated its use in underwater vehicle model and human motion for confirming its underwater continuously outputting stable and sensitive signals. These findings advance the underwater self‐healing flexible sensing units, with the potential to solve long‐term and high‐sensitivity condition monitoring towards underwater robotics, and water‐resistant human‐machine interfaces.
3D‐Printed Architected Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays With Spatiotemporal Color Modulation
ABSTRACT Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) can exhibit reversible structural colors through selective reflection from their helical superstructures when well‐defined planar alignment and a visible‐range helical pitch are established. Although CLC photonic systems have been extended beyond planar cells to 3D geometries such as droplets, shells, and fibers, the integrated fabrication of complex architected CLC display structures with programmable spatiotemporal color control remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a multi‐material 3D printing approach that advances 3D‐printed CLCs from static photonic patterns to architected display systems with spatiotemporally controllable color output. Shear‐thinning CLC composite inks enable high‐fidelity extrusion while retaining reversible structural coloration, supporting patterned films and freestanding 3D photonic architectures. Co‐printed conductive Joule‐heating circuits form monolithic electrothermal devices, where local temperature and reflection wavelength are precisely encoded via circuit geometry. This strategy achieves spatiotemporally programmable multicolor outputs within a single device. Integrated into a soft robotic gripper, the system provides real‐time visual temperature feedback and enables adaptive actuation, establishing a scalable materials‐to‐device framework for programmable, interactive photonic architectures.
Lysosome‐Targeted Self‐Adjuvanting Ammonia Nanogenerator Potentiates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy via Ammonia Death
ABSTRACT Ammonia death is a recently identified form of regulated cell death with unique molecular mechanisms and prominent anticancer activity. Nevertheless, its efficacy is severely restricted by the absence of tumor‐targeted ammonia delivery vehicles and poorly defined immunogenic properties. Herein, we develop a lysosome‐targeted ammonia nanogenerator (denoted AlN@HA) to induce ammonia death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and boost HCC immunotherapy. Following CD44 receptor‐mediated endocytosis, AlN@HA preferentially accumulates within lysosomes and undergoes in situ hydrolysis to produce excessive ammonia and nanoscopic aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ). Intralysosomal ammonia overload further drives lysosomal alkalinization and membrane permeabilization, autophagic flux blockade, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This sequential signaling cascade elicits tumor cell ammonia death and triggers robust immunogenic cell death. Meanwhile, the hydrolytic byproduct Al(OH) 3 functions as an intrinsic adjuvant to facilitate dendritic cell maturation. Additionally, ammonia‐mediated neutralization of intratumor lactic acid reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In vivo results verify that AlN@HA‐initiated ammonia death markedly suppresses local tumor proliferation and activates systemic antitumor immune responses, thereby sensitizing HCC to antiprogrammed cell death 1 immunotherapy. This study clarifies the immunological features of tumor ammonia death, establishes a lysosome‐targeted ammonia delivery strategy, and highlights ammonia death as a viable synergistic modality for HCC combination immunotherapy.
Liquid Crystal Elastomer‐Based Haptic Pixel Arrays at Your Fingertips for Advanced Human–Machine Interfaces
ABSTRACT The sense of touch is underutilized in our digital lives, especially when compared to the prevalence and complexity of information transfer through our visual and auditory interactions with devices; the impact of this is profound as touch plays a major role in our perception of our world, and its omission in our commonly used devices limits our accessibility to the digital space, particularly for blind and visually impaired users. Fortunately, the stimuli‐responsive shape‐morphing properties of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) promise a solution: in our work, we mechanically program an LCE bilayer coating to achieve durable, high‐amplitude switchable surface protrusions, or tactile pixels, which we assemble into a digital platform for generating tactile images and haptic feedback. We further characterize and describe our tactile pixel design by microscopy techniques and simulations that use the neo‐classical theory of rubber elasticity. We demonstrate safe and effective electronically addressable activation of individual LCE pixels within seconds, accompanied by a psychophysical evaluation of tactile line orientation discrimination in which the performance of our LCE tactile pixels is comparable to swell paper, a standard tactile graphic medium. Thereby, we establish LCEs as a contender for the next‐generation dynamic tactile displays.
Antiphase Boundaries Regulate Phase Stability and Performance in DMA <sup>+</sup> ‐Assisted CsPbI <sub>3</sub> ‐Based Perovskites
ABSTRACT CsPbI 3 ‐based perovskites are promising absorbers for tandem solar cells owing to their optimal bandgap (∼1.7 eV). However, the phase transition from photoactive γ‐CsPbI 3 to non‐photoactive δ‐CsPbI 3 remains a major obstacle and is strongly governed by microstructural defects formed during film growth. Among these, Ruddlesden–Popper antiphase boundaries (RP‐APBs) are particularly prevalent and exhibit competing effects, relieving lattice strain while simultaneously facilitating moisture penetration, ion migration, and nonradiative recombination. Here, we systematically regulate RP‐APB defects in γ‐phase CsPbI 3 thin films and elucidate their decisive influence on both phase stability and optoelectronic performance. A compositional strategy based on PbI 2 excess effectively reduces RP‐APB density but induces edge‐sharing [PbI 6 ] 4− motifs that nucleate the δ phase. In contrast, a dimethylammonium (DMA + )‐assisted phase‐engineering strategy forms β‐(DMA,Cs)PbI 3 , which intrinsically suppresses RP‐APB formation while preserving the photoactive perovskite framework. As a result, RP‐APB‐free β‐phase films exhibit prolonged carrier lifetimes, strongly suppressed nonradiative recombination, and the lowest apparent trap densities, enabling a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.23% together with markedly enhanced operational, thermal, and ambient‐air stability. This work demonstrates that regulating crystalline defects, exemplified by RP‐APBs, plays a critical role in achieving both stable and efficient perovskite solar cells.
Machine Learning‐Guided Additive Manufacturing of Multilayer Aerogels for Ultrabroadband, Ultralow‐Reflection Electromagnetic Shielding
ABSTRACT The development of broadband, low‐reflection electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials is critically needed to suppress secondary electromagnetic pollution. Here, we report a machine learning (ML)‐guided additive manufacturing strategy for precisely fabricating multilayer gradient transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene)‐based aerogels with spatially programmed electrical conductivity. Our approach synergistically integrates sustainable cellulose nanofibers with a utilization MXene dispersion, genetic algorithm‐enabled structural optimization, and direct‐ink writing for precise fabrication. The resulting aerogels achieve benchmark EMI shielding performance, characterized by an ultralow average reflectivity (R) of 0.045 and sustained absorptivity (A) above 0.9 over an ultrabroad bandwidth of 30.3 GHz (9.7–40.0 GHz), remarkably surpassing existing materials. This success, validated by the close agreement among ML predictions, simulations, and experiments, demonstrates a powerful data‐driven paradigm. Consequently, this study establishes a comprehensive blueprint for the ML‐accelerated development of next‐generation, intelligent electromagnetic protection systems centered on lightweight, absorption‐dominant aerogels.
Synthesis of adaptive 15N-nitrosyl-Co7 nanocluster for electrocatalytic C–H functionalization
Pan-Ebolavirus nanoparticle vaccine provides protection in rodents from lethal infection by Zaire and Sudan viruses
Abstract Both Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) are members of the genus Ebolavirus and cause outbreaks marked by high fatality rates and repeated spillover from animal reservoirs. Filoviral glycoproteins (GPs) are the primary targets of neutralizing antibodies and form the basis of current vaccines. Here we describe the design, structural characterization, and evaluation of two-component self-assembling icosahedral I53-50 nanoparticles displaying prefusion EBOV or SUDV GP antigens, either individually or in cocktail and mosaic multivalent formats. EBOV-GP-I53-50 and SUDV-GP-I53-50 nanoparticles elicited strong homologous protection in mice and guinea pigs. In the mouse-adapted EBOV model (maEBOV), mosaic and cocktail formulations produced weak survival below that of the matched EBOV-GP-I53-50 GP immunogen. In contrast, in the gpaSUDV guinea pig model (gpSUDV), cocktail and mosaic nanoparticles elicited robust protection against gpSUDV, and detectable antibody responses to both SUDV and EBOV GPs. These findings demonstrate that multivalent GP-I53-50 nanoparticle immunogens can protect rodents from death, severe clinical signs of disease, and weight loss in relevant models. Together with the established clinical safety of the I53-50 platform, these results support continued efforts toward the development of a pan-ebolavirus vaccine.